HERBAL GRIMOIRE F - O

SWEET FENNEL (Foeniculum vulgare dulce) - Chopped leaves are excellent with oily fish, such as mackerel, eel and salmon, for they improve digestibility. Also in soups, salads and stews. Fennel tea is given to infants for its calming and anti-flatulent effects.

FEVERFEW (Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) parthenium) - A medical survey in England indicates that 1 to 4 leaves of feverfew infused in a tea or eaten in a sandwich daily reduce the number and severity of migraine attacks in some sufferers. It even has pleasant side effects including a sense of well-being, lack of tension and relief from arthritis.Approx. 0.4% parthenolide.

FIGWORT (Scrophularia nodosa) - Tincture or ointment is good skin medication for rashes, scratches, bruises and other minor wounds.

FLAG, LICORICE (Acorus gramineus 'Licorice') - All parts of the plant burst with an absolutely stunning licorice scent when squeezed. Used in Thai cooking, and deserving of experimentation wherever a new flavour twist is desired. Important Chinese medicinal herb used to treat lack of appetite, gastritis, and depression.

FLAX (Linum usitatissimum) - Source of strong fibre used in linen cloth. Linseed poultice is valuable for rheumatism and infections.

FLOSSFLOWER (Ageratum conyzoides) - Used in Nepal and India for skin diseases, and to stop bleeding.

FO-TI (Polygonum multiflorum) - (He-shou-wu) Legendary Oriental "Elixir of Life" said to possess fantastic rejuvenating properties. Some believe fo-ti was used by a certain Professor Li Chung Yun who lived to the ripe old age of 256! So the story goes, early in life Li developed the penchant for taking a daily concoction containing the "elixir of life." He is said to have outlived 23 wives, and left behind 11 generations of descendants when he died in 1933. Virility- and longevity-promoting prowess aside, fo-ti is one of the most widely used tonic herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Roots are used to restore blood, liver and kidneys, and is prescribed for conditions as varied as vertigo, insomnia, lumbago, and constipation. Recent evidence shows it to be effective against high blood pressure and hardening of the veins and arteries.

FORSYTHIA (Forsythia suspensa) - (Lian Qiao) Important Chinese antibacterial herb used to treat flu and cold. Forsythiaside found in the fruits is effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria and fungi. Also effective against inflammations and helps to reduce fever and boost immunity.

FOXGLOVE, PURPLE (Digitalis purpurea) - Source of digitalis, important for its stimulating and regulating action on the heart, but too powerful to use without medical supervision. Foxglove was discovered in the 1700's to stimulate the kidneys to release excess fluid, and a tea brewed from the foxglove leaves was used in treating Dropsy, a disease in which water accumulates in the body and causes it to swell up. Ancient Greeks and Romans used the juice of the foxglove for sprains and bruises.

FRANKINCENSE - Frankincense has been used since antiquity as incense in India, China and in the West by the Catholic Church. It was used in ancient Egypt in rejuvenating face-mask, cosmetics and perfumes. Medicinally, the small tree with white or pale pink flowers has been used for a variety of complaints including syphilis, rheumatism and respiratory tract infections.

GARDENIA (Gardenia jasminoides) - (Cape jasmine, Zhi Zi) Flowers used to flavour Chinese tea and are source of important essential oil used in perfumery. Fruits are used in Chinese medicine for fever, high blood pressure, insomnia, hepatitis and for sprains, swellings and bruises.

GARLIC(Allium) - To the people of the Mediterranean, garlic conjures up such gourmet delights as escargots, Caesar salad and garlic bread. Garlic need not offend; it is often enough to rub the utensils with a clove, adding subtle flavour. Many use garlic shoots and leaves as chives or green onion tops, being sweeter and more subtle than the cloves. Recognised medicinally, garlic capsules are sold for the treatment of high blood pressure. It is also a proven antibiotic owing to its high sulfur content. Garlic inter-planted with other crops will help repel insect pests.

 GAYFEATHER (Liatris spicata) - Tuberous roots make a soothing tea valuable in kidney diseases or as a gargle for sore throat.

GENTIAN (Gentiana lutea) - Famous European alpine herb unrivalled as a bitter tonic. Root tincture made with brandy strengthens the human system, particularly in cases of weak digestion and lack of appetite.

GERMANDER (Teucrium chamaedrys) - Infusion quiets upset stomach and promotes appetite. Once enjoyed considerable reputation in the treatment of gout.

GINGER (Zingiber officinale) - One of the oldest known and most widely consumed spices: in the East the fresh roots are prominent in numerous savoury dishes of meat, poultry and fish, while in the West ground dried ginger is a traditional baking and pudding spice. The Chinese have long recognised its potent stimulating and digestive properties; even today it is still the best home remedy for flatulence, nausea, nervous diarrhoea, indigestion and dysentery. This is widely known for its ability to calm upset stomachs. It is most effective in tea form, not in carbonated ginger ale.

GINGER, WILD (Asarum canadense) - North American woodland native with aromatic roots used like true ginger. Important American Indian remedy for indigestion, coughs, colds, fever, sore throat, flatulence, and nervous conditions. Has anti-tumour compound aristolochic acid.

GINKGO (Ginkgo biloba) - (Maidenhair Tree) In the West, the male tree is preferred because the female produces a foul-smelling fruit. However, the fruit contains a delicious nut, which is a delicacy in China roasted or added to rice dishes. Medicinally, ginkgo is rapidly gaining a reputation as a brain tonic. According to recent European studies, the leaf extract increases blood supply to the brain and improves neural functioning and memory.

GINSENG - Few among the many medicinal plants in the world possess ginseng's near-legendary status. Going back thousands of years, its history of use in the Orient records therapeutic properties so wide ranging that it was at first dismissed by Western doctors as a "panacea." Undaunted by medical scepticism its popularity in the West has risen steadily.

Scientific evidence is now emerging in support of many of the claims made for ginseng. Russian researchers have confirmed ginseng's powerful tonic properties. Taken when "run-down," ginseng restores both physical and mental functions back to peak efficiency and with regular use it improves resistance to disease and stress. Its stimulant action is distinct from that of chemical stimulants, such as amphetamines, for it does not overexcite or disturb sleep in normal doses. Russian studies also demonstrate
that ginseng stimulates the gonads, or sex glands, without the harmful side effects common to synthetic hormones. Other research suggests that ginseng can regulate blood pressure and lower blood cholesterol levels.

Too often store-bought ginseng has lost much of its potency in storage and processing, leading only to disappointment. We have found that a slice of the fresh root chewed daily is the best way to take ginseng.

GIPSYWORT (Lycopus europeaus) - Yields a permanent black dye for wool and silk, Formerly used by gypsies to darken their skin. Utilised in the treatment of palpitations of the heart.

GLADIOLUS - In the 1500's a mash of gladiolus roots was used for drawing out splinters and thorns, and the dried seed pods, ground to a powder and mixed with goat or donkey milk, was used to treat colic.

 GOAT'S RUE (Galega officinalis) - Has supportive action in lowering blood sugar in diabetics.

GOLDENROD, SWEET (Solidago odora) - Pleasant tasting tea was formerly used medicinally for stomach and bowel complaints.

GOLDENSEAL (Hydrastis canadensis) - North American woodplant plant becoming increasingly rare due to its popularity for many internal and external conditions. Contains the alkaloid hydrastine which acts on the mucous membranes to alleviate catarrhal conditions such as sore gums, gastritis, nasal congestion, etc.

GOOD KING HENRY (Chenopodium bonus-henricus) - Wholesome potherb. Shoots gathered when 12cm/5" high are peeled, boiled and eaten like asparagus. Young tender leaves are prepared like spinach. Excellent remedy for indigestion.

GOTU KOLA (Hydrocotyle asiatica )(Centella asiatica) - Small creeping tropical plant used for centuries in India. Believed to have remarkable rejuvenating properties. One or two freshly chopped leaves daily in salads or liquefied in juice are said to be sufficient to revitalise the cells of the brain and to retard the aging process. Research shows that it is valuable for the treatment of burns, wounds, scars and varicose veins because it stimulates the development of connective tissue.

GOURD, SNAKE (Trichosanthes anguina) - (Serpent gourd) An unusual cucumber with long, white speckled fruits that actually resemble snakes. Widely grown as a vegetable in India and the Orient. Roots and seeds are used to expel worms and to treat diarrhoea and syphilis.

Gravelroot - JOE-PYE WEED (Eupatorium purpureum) - Indians and pioneers used it to induce sweating to break fevers. Valuable remedy for kidney problems.

GOUTWEED, VARIEGATED (Aegopodium podograria 'Variegata') - Young leaves have a distinctive flavour, used in soups, salads and as cooked greens. Has sedative, diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Traditionally used for gout, sciatica, arthritis and rheumatism.

GREEK MOUNTAIN TEA (Sideritis syriaca) - (Ironwort) Traditional tea consumed throughout Greece to treat the common cold. Sold in dried form in most Greek markets worldwide. Sideritis species have proven anti-inflammatory properties; research into anti-arthritic and antimicrobial uses is ongoing.

GRIFFONIA (Griffonia simplicifolia) - Anti-depression herb from Africa. Seeds are an important source of the amino acid 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor for the natural synthesis of serotonin in the body. Serotonin is a brain neuro-transmitter that directly affects depression and other conditions. Griffonia extracts are used to treat depression, insomnia, obesity, jet lag, anxiety, fibromyalgia and obsessive-compulsive behaviour. Studies show that the effect of 5-HTP on depression is dramatic. In weight control, 5-HTP removes the craving for carbohydrates by boosting serotonin levels in the same way that eating excessive carbohydrates does. The seeds are also a source for lectins used in medical science. In African folklore, the herb is reputed to be an aphrodisiac, as well as an antibiotic and as a remedy for diarrhoea, vomiting, and stomach ache.

GROMWELL (Lithospermum officinale) - European medicinal herb of old. Similar species used by North American Indians as a tea for spasms and "irrationality" and in China as an external emollient for eczema, abscesses and burns.

GROUND IVY (Glechoma hederacea) - (Alehoof) Balsamic leaves make an excellent cooling tea, known as "Gill tea," for the dog days of summer. Useful for kidney problems, indigestion, as a poultice for ulcers and cancers, and as a "blood purifier."

GUAVA (Psidium guajava) - Bears sweet; juicy, highly flavoured fruits, in a fine balance between acid, sugar and pectin. Eaten fresh, or in jellies, preserves and pastes. Rich source of vitamins A, B and C.

GUM ARABIC (Acacia senegal) - Source of important resin. Has protective, soothing effect on inflamed mucous membranes. Used in lozenges for sore throat and cough, and for diarrhoea and dysentery. In the food industry it is used as a stabiliser, emulsifier and flavour fixative, and it is common in chewing gum and candy.

GUMPLANT (Grindelia robusta) - Efficacious for colds, coughs, nasal congestion and bronchial irritations. Also utilised as a healing wash for burns, rashes, blisters and poison ivy.

MOUSE-EAR HAWKWEED (Hieracium pilosella) - The whole plant has potent but under-appreciated astringent, expectorant and diuretic properties. Used for all respiratory problems including asthma, bronchitis, excess mucus, and cough. Also against flu, inflamed kidneys, and diarrhoea.

HEARTSEASE (Viola tricolor) - Old English favourite. Charming purple, lavender and yellow flowers held former romantic connotations between courting couples. Medicinally for dropsy, respiratory catarrh and skin eruptions.

HEARTSEED (Cardiospermum halicacabum) - (Kanphuti, Balloon vine) Leaves are mixed in castor oil to treat stiff limbs, rheumatism and lumbago. Root has diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative properties. Leaf juice is used for earache. Cooked and eaten in India and Africa. Decorative heart-shaped seeds used for necklaces.

HELIOTROPE (Heliotropium arborescens) - Cultivated for perfumery and for scenting bathing waters. Has been used for "clergyman's sore throat."

HEMLOCK, POISON (Conium maculatum) - In the fresh state all parts are very poisonous. Juice was used in early times to execute criminals. Socrates is the most notable to die in this manner. Under proper directions it is a useful sedative for cases of nervous motor disturbances. The active principle, coniine, has provided to be an effective insecticide against aphids and blowflies.

HENBANE (Hyoscyamus niger) - Powerful cerebral and spinal sedative used since remote ages to induce sleep and allay pains. Often an ingredient in witches' brews for its power of throwing victims into convulsions.

HENNA (Lawsonia inermis) - Utilised since earliest times to tint hair, fingernails, skin, and fabrics, orange-brown.

HERB ROBERT (Geranium robertianum) - A tea made from the herb is recommended as part of the fresh vegetable juice diet devised to combat cancer by Rudolf Breuss.

HOLLYHOCK (Alcea rosea) - As a gargle, the dried flower tea helps soothe oral inflammations.

HONESTY (Lunaria annua) - (Money Plant) Curiously, it symbolises both honesty and money. When dried its silver dollar-like seedpods make attractive winter decorations. Edible leaves can be added to salads.

HOPS (Humulus lupulus) - Well known flavouring for beer. Important medicinally for its calming effect. A pillow stuffed with hops flowers will overcome insomnia.

HOREHOUND (Marrubium vulgare) - Horehound candies, once the sovereign remedy for coughs, are still remembered by some. Infusion is useful for weak stomach, lack of appetite and persistent bronchitis.

HORSETAIL (Equisetum arvense) - Has been used against bleeding ulcers, excessive menstrual flow, mouth and gum inflammations. Its effects probably derive from its high content of silicic compounds, which promote the coagulation of blood.

HOUNDSTONGUE (Cynoglossum officinale) - Astringent leaf and root infusion formerly used for cough, colds, diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf poultice useful for insect bites, burns, bruises and piles. Not recommended for prolonged internal use due to potentially carcinogenic alkaloids.

HOUSELEEK (Sempervivum tectorum) - Gelatinous leaves used as a soothing poultice on burns and various skin diseases. Juice eases the pain of earache.

HYACINTH BEAN (Lablab purpureus (Dolichos lablab)) - (Lablab) Most of this legume vine from India is edible: the pods, leaves, flowers, dried seeds, sprouted seeds and roots are all commonly eaten in India. In traditional Chinese medicine it is used as a tonic and for the treatment of dysentery, bloody stools and 'summer heat disorders'.

HYDRANGEA, AMERICAN (Hydrangea arborescens) - (Seven barks) Long used as a mild diuretic. Prevents and expels bladder and kidney stones.

HYSSOP (Hyssopus officinalis) - Decorative plant with a refreshing aromatic scent. Slightly bitter leaves are finely chopped on salad, game meats, soups and stews. Helps digestion. Essential oil used in perfumery.

Indian Tobacco - LOBELIA (Lobelia inflata) - In small doses lobelia acts as a stimulant, especially on the respiratory system. In larger doses it acts as a nerve depressant, and is useful for asthma and whooping cough. Excessive doses can cause severe depression.

INDRAJAO (Wrightia tinctoria) - (Mitha indarjou, Dudhi) Pungent fresh leaves quickly relieve toothaches. Leaves, flowers and fruits are source of a kind of indigo called pala-indigo. White, close-grained wood looks like ivory and is much used for carving and wood-turning.

IRIS - Irises grow wild over much of the eastern Mediterranean region, growing in yellow, blue and striped variations. Perhaps it was the blue of the sky or the stripes of the rainbow that caused the ancient Greeks to name the flower for Iris, goddess of the Rainbow. As a sacred flower, the Iris was credited with great healing powers and was widely used in ancient medicine. In the first century AD, the Greek physician Dioscorides wrote a book in which he summed up all knowledge about medicinal plants. He recommended iris root drunk with honey, vinegar or wine for coughs, colds, indigestion and sciatica. He also wrote that it was useful as a poultice for tumours and ulcers, broken bones and headache. The Iris remained a mainstay of herbal medicine down through the time when Puritans settled in New England, and as late as 1938 were listed in the US Pharmacopoeia, the official list of approved drugs.

JACOB'S LADDER (Polemonium caeruleum) - Leaflets are assembled in ladder form. Remedy for nervous complaints, headaches and palpitations of the heart.

Jimson Weed - STRAMONIUM (Datura stramonium) - Sometimes given for spasmodic coughing and bronchial asthma. Leaves steeped in water are said to induce visions along with giddiness and delirium. May cause brain damage or death in large doses. Safe for external use, however; place tea-soaked cloth on sores to relieve pain.

JOJOBA (Simmondsia chinensis) - Oil squeezed from the nuts has proved so valuable it is called the new "liquid gold" of the West, and jojoba "prospectors" are banking on its future. Used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products, and as a top-quality industrial lubricant that may replace sperm whale oil. Used in shampoos; believed to arrest hair loss and induce new growth.

JUNIPER (Juniperus communis) - Once considered an important spice, the berries are still used in certain preserved meats, liqueurs and especially gin. Used as a urinary antiseptic in cystitis, it is also used to detoxify the body.

KANTIKARI (Solanum xanthocarpum (S. surattense)) - (Yellow-berried nightshade) Root is an expectorant; used in Ayurvedic medicine for cough, asthma, chest pain. Also used for flatulence, sore throat, and toothache. Has high concentration of solasodine, a starting material for the manufacture of cortisone and sex hormones. Bitter fruits are used in Indian curries.

KAVA KAVA (Piper methysticum) - Traditional Polynesian drink made from the roots has a calming effect. Now one of the biggest selling herbs in North America because it is effective against stress and promotes mental awareness.

KNOTGRASS (Polygonum aviculare) - (Bian Xu) Astringent herb used in Europe to stop bronchial catarrh and to treat inflamed membranes of the mouth and throat. Tea useful for diarrhoea, dysentery, cough and haemorrhages. In China it is considered diuretic, antibacterial and effective against worms. Seeds ground into flour for pancakes and cookies.

KOMBUCHA (Bacterium, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Acetobacter and others) - Sometimes referred to as a mushroom, but is actually a symbiotic culture of a variety of bacteria and yeasts. Produces a wonderful lightly fermented tea that is taking North America by storm. Brewed with sweetened black, green or herbal tea, the floating kombucha 'fungus' produces a tasty, slightly alcoholic (0.5%), carbonated drink in days. It's as easy to make as yogurt, and much easier to make than beer or wine. The health-giving benefits have been known in the Orient since at least 400 A.D. In this century it has been studied in Russia and Germany where considerable anecdotal evidence has emerged suggesting that kombucha tea can treat cancer. Live cultures are shipped with complete instructions for home brewing.

KUDZU (Pueraria lobata (P. thunbergiana) - (Ge Gen) Chinese vine used to relieve thirst, fevers, flu, and vomiting. Its long use in China to treat alcoholism was backed up in recent animal studies at Harvard: injections of daidzin, an active principle of the root, reduced alcohol consumption by more than 50%.

LABDANUM - one of the early aromatic substances of the ancient world. Externally used in plasters, the gum was also used to promote menstruation and to treat diarrhoea and dysentery.

LACEFLOWER (Ammi majus) - (Bishopsweed) Known to the ancient Egyptians as a treatment for certain skin diseases, this humble wild plant of the Nile valley was recently catapulted to the forefront of modern medical research, showing great promise in cancer and AIDS therapy.

LADY'S MANTLE (Alchemilla vulgaris) - Beneficial for menstrual disorders, lack of appetite, rheumatism, stomach ailments, disorders of the muscles.

LAMB'S EAR, WOOLLY (Stachys byzantina) - Formerly used to bandage wounds.

LANTERN, CHINESE (Physalis alkekengi) - Edible berries are borne inside fascinating orange chinese lantern-like calyces. Berries are eaten raw, or in preserves and pies. Recommended for fevers and gout.

LARKSPUR (Consolida (Delphinium) orientalis) - All parts have insecticidal and parasitical action and were used by soldiers during the American Revolutionary war to kill body lice.

LASERWORT (Saposhnikoba divaricata) (Siler divaricatum, Ledebouriella div.) -  (Fang feng) Important Chinese remedy for colds, fevers and sinus problems, especially those of a persistent "wind-moist" nature. Roots are analgesic, antipyretic, and antibacterial. Also used to harmonise the spleen and liver, and to treat migraine and rheumatoid arthritis. Close relative to parsley; aromatic leaves are eaten as a potherb in northern China.

LEADWORT (Plumbago zeylanica) - Roots are source of plumbagin, shown to reduce tumour growth in rats and has strong antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Traditionally used externally in India and Africa for abdominal tumours, warts, parasitic skin diseases, leprosy, worms and to induce abortions. Poisonous if ingested.

LEMON (Citrus limon) - Dried peel is used in potpourri, and for varicose veins, haemorrhoids, kidney stones, fevers.

LEMON BALM - Paracelsus called this herb the Elixir of Life. It is one of the earliest known medicinal herbs, and was particularly associated with nervous disorders, the heart and emotions.

LEMONGRASS (Cymbopogon citratus) - (West Indian lemongrass) Delightful lemon-scented grass cultivated throughout the tropics and subtropics and in greenhouses. The tangy enlarged leaf bases are essential in Thai and Vietnamese dishes. Leaves are used to flavour fish, soups, curries and sauces. They also make a wonderful pleasant tea, consumed hot or cold.

LEMONGRASS, EAST INDIAN (Cymbopogon flexuosus) - (East Indian lemongrass) Source of lemongrass oil used to flavour teas, ice cream, candy, pastries, desserts, and chewing gum - among its many uses. Also important in cosmetics and perfumery. Easy to grow and will produce a good crop of leaves to make tea and to add to potpourris.

LEOPARD LILY (Belamcanda chinensis) - (She-gan) Chinese medicinal. Used for throat conditions, cough, wheezing, bronchitis and mumps.

LESPEDEZA (Lespedeza capitata) - (Round-headed Bush Clover) Medical evidence shows plant has anti-tumour activity and lowers blood cholesterol. American Indians burned dried stems on skin to relieve neuralgia and rheumatism.

LETTUCE, WILD (Lactuca virosa) - Dried milky juice, called lactucarium or lettuce opium, was once used to induce sleep and to treat nervous disorders.

LILY OF THE VALLEY (Convallaria majalis) - Strengthens and regulates the heart, but not to be used without medical supervision.

LION'S EAR (Leonotis nepetifolia) - African folk remedy of former prominence. Used by the Hottentots of Africa for its mild psycho-active properties.

LIVE-FOREVER (Sedum telephium) - (Orpine Stonecrop) Fleshy leaves boiled in milk are used to stimulate the kidneys. Also used for diarrhoea, piles, haemorrhages, and has a reputation as an anti-cancer herb. The juice mixed with vegetable oil has been used to heal burns.

LIVERWORT (Hepatica acutiloba) - Small woodland native of eastern North America known as a liver tonic. Tea made from the leaves and flowers used to treat problems of the liver, gallbladder, kidneys and bladder. Stops gastric bleeding and vomiting of blood.

LOBELIA (Lobelia inflata) - (Indian Tobacco) In small doses lobelia acts as a stimulant, especially on the respiratory system. In larger doses it acts as a nerve depressant, and is useful for asthma and whooping cough. Excessive doses can cause severe depression.

LOBELIA, GREAT (Lobelia siphilitica) - Employed by Indians along with mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum) to treat venereal disease.

LOMATIUM (Lomatium dissectum) - (Cough Root) Parsnip-like native of Western North America. Important cold and cough remedy among Paiute, Shoshone and Washoe Indians. Also for veneral disease, ceremonial medicine, rheumatism, and wounds.

LOOSESTRIFE, PURPLE (Lythrum salicaria) - Medical research suggests it has potent hypoglycaemic (lowers blood sugar) and hepatoprotective properties.

LOVEAPPLE (Solanum aculeatissimum) - (Soda-apple Nightshade) In India, pounded roots are applied to gums to relieve toothache, and the smoke of burning seeds is inhaled to treat nose ulcers. Source of starting materials for the manufacture of steroids.

LUFFA (Luffa aegyptica) - (Loofah) Known as the 'dishcloth gourd' because the dried over-ripe fruits can be used to scrub dishes. Wonderful for bath and shower as it invigorates the skin without harsh abrasion. Used in Chinese cuisine as a vegetable and in medicine for rheumatic pains.

MADAR (Calotropis gigantea) - Widely used Indian and Nepali medicinal herb with rose-purple flowers. Root bark used for dysentery, skin diseases, and as substitute for the emetic drug, ipecacuanha. Leaves and flowers used for fevers, colds, cough, and asthma.

MADDER (Rubia tinctorium) - Important dyeplant. Roots are source of the best and most enduring red dye of any plant. For wood, cotton, linen and silk.

MADDER, INDIAN (Rubia cordifolia) - Traditional maroon dye for robes of Tibetan Buddhist monks. Used to stop nosebleeds and other haemorrhages, for blood disorders and to reduce fever.

GINKGO (Ginkgo biloba) - (Maidenhair Tree) Medicinally, ginkgo is rapidly gaining a reputation as a brain tonic. According to recent European studies, the leaf extract increases blood supply to the brain and improves neural functioning and memory.

MAIKOA (Brugmansia (Datura) spp.) - The tree Daturas used by aborigines of the western Amazon as source of ritualistic hallucinogens and medicines.

MAITAKE (Grifola frondosa) - Known in Japan as the 'King of Mushrooms' where it is doubly treasured for its excellent eating qualities and its remarkable medicinal properties. Research has shown that this plant has a powerful effect on the immune system due to a unique polysaccharide, beta-1,6-glucan. Researchers are optimistic maitake can help treat cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and HIV. Also regarded as a first-class adaptogen, an agent that helps the body to adapt to emotional and physical stress.

MALLOW, COMMON (Malva sylvestris) - The infusion made from the pink flowers or leaves is used externally to moisturise and tone the skin and internally to soothe mucous membranes irritated and inflamed by coughs, stomach upsets and other intestinal problems.

MALLOW, CURLED (Malva verticillata crispa) - Leaves are prepared in many ways: boiled, fried, roasted, or even dried, served with soy sauce. It is one of the earliest domesticated plants of China. Like most of the mallows, it has soothing, anti-inflammatory and laxative properties. Useful for gastrointestinal problems, coughs and bronchitis.

MALLOW, MUSK (Malva moschata) - Useful for inflammations of the alimentary, urinary and respiratory systems.

EUROPEAN MANDRAKE (Mandragora officinarum) - The fabled mandrake has a lore of mystery and magic dating back to the ancient Greeks who used it as an anaesthetic for surgery. There were many superstitions associated with its humanlike roots, variously claimed to avert misfortune when worn as an amulet or to expel demons from the maniacal.

MANUKA (Leptospermum scoparium) - Attractive New Zealand shrub called the "Tea Plant" by Captain Cook because of the agreeably bitter tea his men made from the leaves. Traditional Maori remedy for kidney and bladder complaints, and to combat the miseries of the common cold.

MARALROOT (Leuzea carthamoides 'Lujza') - (Leuza) Siberian perennial with remarkable metabolic and tonic effects. Has been studied by Russian scientists used in the Russian athletic training program for decades. A potent ''adaptogen'' that helps athletes increases endurance, reflexes and concentration, and helps them to recover faster from exertion. Studies show that the root extract greatly increases the work capacity of muscles and normalises blood sugar levels quickly after exertion, and improves memory and learning. Contains ecdysteroids which have anabolic-like growth promoting effects without the side effects associated with drugs.

MARIGOLD (Tagetes) - The marigolds have surprising properties and uses. Most are familiar with their horticultural value as bedding plants, and their insect-repelling properties are well known, but few would suspect a role as culinary and tea herbs in some Latin American countries.

MARJORAM, COMMON (Origanum vulgare) - (Wild Oregano) Medicinal variety of oregano lacking true oregano's familiar aroma and flavour. Used for upset stomach, headache, cough, and diarrhoea. Also as gargle for mouth and throat inflammations. Since ancient Roman times, marjoram has been believed to promote longevity. The goddess Venus is said to have bestowed upon the plant its fragrance. It is used to allay anxieties and grief.

MARSHMALLOW (Althaea officinalis) - Noted for soothing irritations and inflammations of the skin, throat, eyes, lungs and urinary organs. The root is often mixed with other herbs such as parsley, fennel root, honey, barley flour and/or various oils for the treatment of many different ailments. In medicinal history, its use was broad and varied. A poultice made of marshmallow root and applied to insect bites takes away pain and swelling. Boiled in oil and applied to the skin, it was said to “taketh away all roughness of the skin, dandruff, or dry scabs in the head and preserveth the hair from falling off.”

MASTERWORT (Peucedanum ostrutium) - Roots are used to promote the appetite by stimulating the secretion of digestive juices. Also a mild cardiac stimulant and antispasmodic.

MAYAPPLE (Podophyllum peltatum) - A derivative of this herb is medically proven against certain cancers. Used by the American Indians to treat hepatitis, syphilis, fevers, constipation, etc. Poison.

MEADOWSWEET (Filipendula ulmaria) - Useful for flu, gout, rheumatism, arthritis, fever, etc. Once added to herbal beers and wine.

MELILOT (Melilotus officinalis) - (Sweet Clover) Medicinally, it prevents blood clotting. Salve or poultice is useful for swellings, boils, arthritis and rheumatism.

MILKVETCH, CHINESE (Astragalus membranaceus) - (Chinese Astragalus; Huang Qi) One of the most important Chinese medicinal herbs, especially for its immune enhancing properties. Tonifies the spleen, especially in cases of fatigue. Boosts and tonifies qi (chi). Cardiotonic; lowers blood pressure and blood sugar; improves circulation. Beneficial effect on kidneys, liver, and endocrine system.

MILKWEED (Asclepias syriaca) - Apt name as all parts exude a milky juice when cut. Young shoots are eaten like asparagus. Silk-like down of seeds is used to stuff pillows. Root and rhizome are anodyne (pain killing). Used for asthma, painful cough and scrofula.

MORNING GLORY (Ipomoea tricolor) 'Heavenly Blue' - Used by the Aztecs as a hallucinogen in religious ceremonies.

MOTHERWORT (Leonurus cardiaca) - Especially valuable for PMS, menstrual pain and delayed menstruation. Gentle sedative. Helps calm the entire nervous system. Strengthens the heart and often prescribed for palpitations.

MOTHERWORT, SIBERIAN (Leonurus sibiricus) - (Yi-mu-cao) Medicinal herb, valued especially in Chinese medicine. Used as an emmenagogue, diuretic, and vasodilator.

MUCUNA (Mucuna pruriens) - Ayurvedic medicinal herb used traditionally as a nerve tonic. In a recent clinical trial Parkinson's sufferers treated with crushed seeds regained some mobility with fewer side effects than conventional drugs.

MUGWORT - A bath made of mugwort, chamomile and agrimony is said to help alleviate menstrual cramps.

MULBERRY (Morus nigra) - Handsome tree bearing sweet, juicy berries that make fine conserves and wine. Rootbark decoction is a traditional remedy for tapeworms.

MULLEIN (Verbascum thapsus) - Good remedy for coughs, hoarseness and bronchitis.

MYROBALAN (Phyllanthus emblica) - Ayurvedic panacea of such renown that it became a metaphorical symbol of healing in Indian medical tantra. Use dates back thousands of years; still used for anti-dysentery, antibiotic and liver tonic properties.

NASTURTIUM, CLIMBING (Tropaeolum majus) - Young leaves make a pleasant pepper substitute in pepper-restricted diets. They have unusually high vitamin C content. Immature green seeds can substitute for capers, and in tossed salads flowers add an interesting touch.

NEEM (Azadirachta indica (Melia azadirachta) - Native to India, this common tree is a ready source of green twigs used as tooth brushes that release gum-protecting anti-bacterial compounds. The oil from the seeds is used to treat leprosy and skin diseases, and the leaves are used in poultices to treat wounds. The bark is employed to treat fever, nausea, and vomiting and skin diseases. Extracts are widely employed in medicinal lotions, shampoos, soaps, creams, hair tonics, gargles, and toothpaste. Azadirachtin, a constituent of the plant, is an insect anti-feedant, repellent, and insecticide.

NEROLI -  or orange blossom flowers, have many folk associations. They were used in bridal bouquets and to calm nervous apprehension before the bridal couple retired to the marriage bed.

NETTLE, STINGING (Urtica dioica) - Drying or cooking removes stinging effect of the leaves. Can be used in salt-reduced diets, as they contain a salt which is not a burden on the system. Cooked young shoots, rich in iron, are commonly eaten as tonic spring greens. Important bio-dynamic herb: increasing the potency of neighbouring herbs, and stimulating humus formation.

NIGELLA (Nigella damascena) - (Love-in-a-mist) Seeds used in curries and bread, although near cousin black cumin is better. Seeds stored with clothing repels insects. Valued in perfumery trade.

NIGHTSHADE, INDIAN (Solanum khasianum) - Berries are important commercial source of the glycoalkaloid solasodine, a raw material used for the production of steroidal drugs. Studies on rabbits show it can prevent ovulation. Related species have traditional use for stomach pain and night blindness in rural India.

OAK, WHITE (Quercus alba) - Due to its astringent quality, an infusion is used internally or externally for haemorrhoids, menstrual problems, varicose veins, and as a gargle for sore throat.

OAT (Avena sativa) - Grain is, of course, an important staple food, but the straw is also medicinal: for neuralgia and irritated skin conditions.

Old Man - (SOUTHERNWOOD) (Artemisia abrotanum) - Leaves can be used in sachets and potpourris, and as a moth repellent. Try a leaf in salads or throw on the fire to refresh the air.

OLOLIUQUI (Rivea corymbosa) - (Mexican Morning Glory) Sacred hallucinogenic herb used by the Aztecs in divinatory rituals. Once thought to be exterminated by the Spaniards in their zeal to exorcise "demonic" practices, the plant and the rituals were found preserved in the mountains among the Mazatec Indians of Oaxaca, Mexico.

ORRIS - Orris was used in ancient Greek and Rome in perfumery, and its medicinal qualities were held in high esteem. The fresh root causes nausea and vomiting in large doses.

OSAGE-ORANGE (Maclura pomifera) - Source of yellow, gold and khaki dyes. Boiled root decoction was once used to bathe irritated eyes.

OSHA (Ligusticum porteri) - Native American herb found in upland meadows and ravines in the southern Rocky Mountains. Leading herbalists say it can be used like Echinacea for the treatment of colds, flu, sore throat and upper respiratory congestion. Antibacterial and antiviral properties, making it useful as a treatment for general infections. Stimulates circulation, kidneys, and the uterus.

OXKNEE (Achyranthes bidentata) - (Niu xi, Achyranthes) Traditional Chinese herb used to nourish the kidney and liver, drain 'dampness' and promote circulation. Prescribed for difficult urination, painful urethritis, suppressed menstruation. Commonly used to treat traumatic injuries, stiffness and pain of the lower back and loins and for weakness in the legs and feet. Do not use during pregnancy.

OXKNEE, SICHUAN (Cyathula officinalis) - (Chuan niu xi) Chinese root used to treat pain due to 'wind-dampness' to clear atrophy and spasm of the lower extremities, much like the previous species. Do not use during pregnancy.

OXLIP (Primula elatior) - Root tea stops catarrh and acts to expel phlegm. Excellent for colds and coughs.